Spatial distribution of Echinolitorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1882) for intertidal rocky shore in Antofagasta (23° S, Chile) / Distribuição espacial de Echinolitorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1882) para costa rochosa entremarés em Antofagasta (23 ° S, Chile)

The intertidal rocky shores in continental Chile have high species diversity mainly in northern Chile (18-27° S), and one of the most widespread species is the gastropod Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822). The aim of the present study is do a first characterization of spatial distribution of E. peruviana in along rocky shore in Antofagasta town in northern Chile. Individuals were counted in nine different sites that also were determined their spectral properties using remote sensing techniques (LANDSAT ETM+). The results revealed that sites without marked human intervention have more abundant in comparison to sites located in the town, also in all studied sites was found an aggregated pattern, and in six of these sites were found a negative binomial distribution. The low density related to sites with human intervention is supported when spectral properties for sites were included. These results would agree with other similar results for rocky shore in northern and southern Chile.

As costas rochosas entremarés no Chile continental apresentam alta diversidade de espécies, principalmente no norte do país (18-27 ° S), e uma das espécies mais difundidas é o gastrópode Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822). O objetivo do presente estudo é fazer uma primeira caracterização da distribuição espacial de E. peruviana no costão rochoso da cidade de Antofagasta no norte do Chile. Os indivíduos foram contados em nove locais diferentes onde também foram determinadas suas propriedades espectrais usando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto (LANDSAT ETM +). Os resultados revelaram que os locais sem intervenção humana marcada apresentam maior abundância em comparação aos locais localizados no município. Também em todos os locais estudados foi encontrado um padrão agregado, sendo que em seis desses locais foi encontrada uma distribuição binomial negativa. A baixa densidade relacionada a sites com intervenção humana é suportada quando as propriedades espectrais para sites foram incluídas. Esses resultados concordariam com outros resultados semelhantes para costões rochosos no norte e no sul do Chile.

Seagrass density correlates with burrow abundance and size in the Zebra Mantis Shrimp (Stomatopoda: Lysiosquillidae) / La densidad de los pastos marinos se correlaciona con la abundancia y el tamaño de las madrigueras de los camarones mantis cebra (Stomatopoda: Lysiosquillidae)

Introduction: Mantis shrimps are ecologically and economically important organisms in marine ecosystems. However, there is still a lack of information about their habitat, in particular, their burrows. Objective: To analyze how dense and sparse mantis shrimp burrows differ in abundance, size, sediment grain size, and water quality. Methods: We counted burrows in 10 x 10 m2 random plots in sparse and dense seagrass (ten plots per density), around Barrang Lompo Island, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sampling took place at spring low tide from August to September 2017. Results: Two mantis shrimp species were observed: Lysiosquillina maculate and L. sulcata. Dense and sparse seagrass burrows did not differ in wall grain size or water parameters, both inside and outside of the burrows (P > 0.05). Similarly, there was no correlation between burrow depth and diameter in either dense (P > 0.05; r= 0.27) or sparse (P > 0.05; r= 0.33) seagrass. However, larger burrows tend to occur in denser beds, but there were more burrows in denser seagrass (t-test, P < 0.05). Conclusions: There seems to be a preference for dense seagrass beds, especially by larger mantis shrimps. The correlation between shrimp burrow abundance and seagrass density highlights the importance of conserving the quality as well as the extent of seagrass habitat.

Introducción: Los camarones mantis son organismos ecológica y económicamente importantes en los ecosistemas marinos. Sin embargo, aún falta información sobre su hábitat, en particular sobre sus madrigueras. Objetivo: Analizar cómo difieren las madrigueras de los camarones mantis en su abundancia, tamaño, tamaño de grano de los sedimentos y calidad del agua. Métodos: Contamos las madrigueras en parcelas de 10 x 10 m2 al azar (diez parcelas por densidad) en pastos marinos densos y poco densos, alrededor de la isla de Barrang Lompo, Sulawesi del Sur, Indonesia. Resultados: Se observaron dos especies de camarones mantis: Lysiosquillina maculata y L. sulcata. El tamaño de grano de las paredes de las madrigueras y los parámetros de agua, tanto dentro y fuera de la madriguera no variaron (P > 0.05). Tampoco hubo correlación entre la profundidad y el diámetro de las madrigueras, tanto en praderas densas (P > 0.05; r= 0.27), como no densas (P > 0.05; r= 0.33). Sin embargo, las madrigueras más grandes tienden a aparecer en las praderas densas, además había más madrigueras en pastos densos (t-test, P < 0.05). Conclusiones: Parece haber una preferencia por las praderas marinas densas, especialmente en los camarones mantis de mayor tamaño. La correlación entre la abundancia de madrigueras de camarones y la densidad de pastos marinos pone de manifiesto la importancia de conservar la calidad del hábitat de los pastos, así como su extensión.

Protótipos microbianos como candidatos a fármacos para protozooses negligenciadas / Microbial prototypes as drug candidates for neglected protozoa

Doenças tropicais negligenciadas atingem cerca de 1,7 bilhões de pessoas, gerando um forte impacto na economia e problemas na Saúde Pública. Dentre as endemias mais negligenciadas, encontra-se a doença de Chagas, que afeta cerca de 6 milhões de pessoas, e no Brasil, dispõe-se de apenas de um fármaco altamente tóxico contra a infecção. Sendo assim, existe uma necessidade urgente para novos tratamentos. A exploração farmacológica de compostos produzidos por microrganismos é de longa data e contribuiu até hoje, com diversos fármacos aprovados. O presente projeto avaliou o potencial anti-Trypanosoma cruzi de metabólitos de espécies bacterianas marinhas encontradas no litoral paulista. Para isto, foram coletados invertebrados e sedimentos marinhos e isoladas 32 espécies bacterianas, resultando em 12 microrganismos identificados por MALDI-TOF/MS ou sequenciamento genético. Os extratos orgânicos, contendo os metabólitos microbianos, foram avaliados quanto ao potencial anti-T. cruzi em tripomastigotas, apresentando valores de Concentração Efetiva 50% (CE50) entre 1,5 e 59,0 µg/mL. Duas cepas foram submetidas à abordagem One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC), porém, não se observou aumento da potência antiparasitária. O pré-fracionamento do extrato da Olleya marilimosa, resultou em uma fração (FII) ativa contra os tripomastigotas (CE50 23 µg/mL), com ausência de citotoxicidade em fibroblastos e hemácias até 200 µg/mL. A análise em ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN 1H) e espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, demonstrou a presença de 4 ácidos graxos de cadeia iso, 1 (C19H37O2), 2 (C20H39O2), 3 (C21H41O2) e 4 (C22H43O2)...(AU)

Neglected tropical diseases affects about 1.7 billion people, generating a strong impact on the economy and problems in Public Health. Among the most neglected endemic diseases is Chagas disease, which affects about 6 million people, and in Brazil, only one highly toxic drug is available against it. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new treatments. The pharmacological exploitation of compounds produced by microorganisms is long-standing and has contributed to several approved drugs. The present project evaluated the anti-Trypanosoma cruzi potential of metabolites of marine bacterial species found on the coast of São Paulo. For this, invertebrates and marine sediments were collected and 32 bacterial species were isolated, resulting in 12 microorganisms identified by MALDI-TOF/MS or genetic sequencing. The organic extracts containing the microbial metabolites were evaluated for antiT. cruzi potential. crossed in trypomastigotes, presenting Effective Concentration 50% (EC50) between 1.5 and 59.0 µg/mL. Two strains were submitted to the One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach, however, there was no increase in antiparasitic potency. Prefractionation of Olleya marilimosa extract resulted in an active fraction (FII) against trypanomastigotes (EC50 23 µg/mL), with no cytotoxicity in fibroblasts or red blood cells up to 200 µg/mL. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis (NMR 1H) and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry demonstrated the presence of 4 iso chain fatty acids, 1 (C19H37O2), 2 (C20H39O2), 3 (C21H41O2) and 4 (C22H43O2). Using spectrofluorimetry, it was observed that FII induced a change in the permeability of the plasma membrane of the parasite. Analysis in mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) also demonstrated changes in the protein profile of parasites after treatment. This study presented in an unprecedented way, the anti-T. cruzi potential metabolites of the marine bacteria studied. The isolation and characterization of these compounds may contribute to new pharmaceutical prototypes for Chagas disease. (AU)

Clima Áulico na escola secundária da cidade de Mar del Plata / Classroom Climate in the secondary school of Mar del Plata / Clima áulico en la escuela secundaria de la ciudad de mar del plata

El presente trabajo analiza el Clima Áulico en instituciones educativas de nivel secundario de la ciudad de Mar del Plata. La muestra estuvo conformada por 40 grupos Áulicos de nivel secundario básico de cuatro instituciones educativas de la ciudad de Mar del Plata (998 estudiantes, 37 docentes y 39 preceptores). Para evaluar el Clima Áulico se utilizó la Escala de Clima Social Escolar (Classroom Environment Scale, CES) desarrollada por Moos y Tricket. Los resultados señalan un Clima Áulico medianamente favorable. Se presentan las fortalezas y debilidades, así también como las diferencias entre docentes, preceptores y estudiantes. Se resalta la importancia del rol de los preceptores en las instituciones educativas. Se espera que los resultados posibiliten futuras líneas de investigación en el diseño de programas de intervención educativa que favorezcan un Clima Áulico positivo.

O presente estudo analisa o Clima Áulico em instituições educativas de nível secundário da cidade de Mar del Plata. A mostra foi formada por 40 grupos Áulicos de nível secundário básico de quatro instituições educativas da cidade de Mar del Plata (998 estudantes, 37 docentes e 39 preceptores). Para avaliar o Clima Áulico utilizou-se a Escala de Clima Social Escolar (Classroom Environment Scale, CES) desenvolvida por Moos e Tricket. Os resultados mostram um Clima Áulico medianamente favorável. Apresentam-se os pontos fortes e os pontos fracos, assim também como as diferenças entre docentes, preceptores e estudantes. Ressalta-se a importância do rol dos preceptores nas instituições educativas. Espera-se que os resultados possibilitem futuras linhas de pesquisa no desenho de programas de intervenção educativa que favoreçam um Clima Áulico positivo.

The present study analyzes the Classroom Climate in educational institutions of secondary school of the city of Mar del Plata. The sample consisted of 40 classes of basic secondary level of four educational institutions of the city of Mar del Plata (998 students, 37 teachers and 39 preceptors.) To evaluate the Classroom Climate was used the Classroom Environment Scale (CES) developed by Moos and Tricket. The results indicate a moderately favorable Classroom Climate. The strengths and weaknesses are presented, as well as the differences between teachers, preceptors and students. The importance of the role of preceptors in educational institutions is highlighted. The results are expected to enable future lines of research in the design of educational intervention programs that favor a positive Classroom Climate.

Infecção marinha: abordagem na Atenção Primária / Marine infection: approach in Primary Care / Infección marina: enfoque en la Atención Primaria

Introdução: Cidades litorâneas possuem atividades econômicas como a pesca e o turismo que promovem o contato com a água do mar e, consequentemente, a exposição a microrganismos raramente encontrados em outros contextos e muitas vezes de diagnóstico tardio, podendo resultar em morbidade ou morte significativa. Objetivo: Essa revisão da literatura objetiva mostrar a importância da suspeição da infecção marinha na Atenção Primária, sua etiologia, manifestações clínicas, tratamento, complicações e prevenção. Métodos: Foi realizada pesquisa em bases de dados eletrônicos (SciELO, Google Acadêmico, MEDLINE e PubMed). Resultados: Foram encontrados 135 artigos e vinte foram selecionados, referentes aos anos de 2003 a 2018. Observou-se escassez de estudos que avaliam a efetividade de esquemas de antibioticoterapia e sua duração necessária. Além disso, verificou-se a ausência de classificação no Código Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) e Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), fato que prejudica a notificação e estudos epidemiológicos sobre o assunto. Conclusão: É preciso incluir a infecção marinha no diagnóstico diferencial de casos de ferimentos crônicos de difícil diagnóstico, principalmente se houver histórico de exposição a ambiente marinho. Novos estudos se fazem necessários para avaliação da terapêutica adequada. Outrossim, é fundamental conscientizar a população quanto ao risco de infecção marinha e seus métodos de prevenção.

Introduction: Coastal cities have economic activities such as fishing and tourism that promote contact with sea water and consequent exposure to microorganisms rarely found in other contexts. Too often, late diagnosis can result in significant morbidity or death. Objective: This review of the literature aims to show the importance of the differential diagnosis of marine infection in primary care, its etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications and prevention. Methods: Electronic databases (SciELO, Google Scholar, MEDLINE and PubMed) were searched. Results: 135 articles were found and twenty were selected, referring to the years 2003 to 2018. A shortage of studies evaluating the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy regimens and their necessary duration was observed. In addition, the absence of the International Code of Diseases (ICD-10) and Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS) was observed, which is detrimental to the epidemiological notification and study on the subject. Conclusion: It is necessary to include marine infection in the differential diagnosis of cases of chronic injuries difficult to diagnose, especially if there is a history of exposure to the marine environment. Further studies are needed to evaluate the appropriate therapy. It is also essential to educate the population about the risk of marine infection and methods of prevention.

Introducción: Las ciudades costeras tienen actividades económicas como la pesca y el turismo que promueven el contacto com la agua del mar y consecuentemente la exposición a microorganismos raramente encontrados em otros contextos y muchas veces de diagnóstico tardío, pudiendo resultar em morbilidad o muerte significativa. Objetivo: Esta revisión de la literatura objetiva mostrar la importancia de la sospecha de la infección marina en la atención primaria, su etiología, manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento, complicaciones y prevención. Método: Se realizo investigación en bases de datos electrónicos (SciELO, Google Académico, MEDLINE y PubMed). Resultados: Se encontraron 135 artículos y veinte fueron seleccionados, referentes a los años de 2003 a 2018. Se observo escasez de estudios que evalúan la efectividad de esquemas de antibioticoterapia y suduración necesaria. Además, se verifico la ausencia de clasificación en el Código Internacional de Enfermedades (CID-10) y Descriptores em Ciencias de La Salud (DeCS), hecho que perjudica la notificación y estudio epidemiológicos sobre el tema. Conclusión: Es necesario incluir la infección marina em el diagnóstico diferencial de casos de lesiones crónicas de difícil diagnóstico, principalmente si hayun historial de exposición al ambiente marino. Los nuevos estudios se hacen necesarios para evaluar la terapéutica adecuada. También es fundamental concientizar a la población encuanto al riesgo de infección marina y sus métodos de prevención.

Reproductive biology of Parona signata (Actinopterygii: Carangidae), a valuable economic resource, in the coastal area of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

The reproductive biology and life cycle of Parona leatherjacket, Parona signata, present in Mar del Plata (38º 00'S 57º 33'W) coast, was studied. Samples were obtained monthly since January 2018 to February 2019 from the artisanal fishermen and the commercial fleet of Mar del Plata. A histological analysis was carried out and the main biologic-reproductive parameters were estimated: fecundity, oocyte frequency distribution and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Both the macroscopic and microscopic analyses showed reproductive activity in March and November. Mature females were recorded, which showed hydrated oocytes, as was evidenced by the histological procedures. Both, the histological and the oocyte diameter distribution analyses showed the presence of all oocyte maturation stages in ovaries in active-spawning subphase, indicating that P. signata is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Batch fecundity ranged between 36,426 and 126,035 hydrated oocytes/ female. Relative fecundity ranged between 42 and 150 oocytes/ g female ovary free.(AU)

Se estudió la biología reproductiva y el ciclo de vida de la palometa pintada, Parona signata en Mar del Plata (38°00'S 57°33'O). Las muestras fueron obtenidas mensualmente desde enero de 2018, hasta febrero de 2019, provenientes de la pesca artesanal y/o de la flota comercial de la localidad Mar del Plata. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis histológico y se estimaron los principales parámetros reproductivos tales como: la fecundidad, análisis de la distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros ovocitarios e índice gonadosomático (GSI) mensual. Tanto el análisis macroscópico como el microscópico permitieron afirmar que en los meses de marzo y noviembre existe actividad reproductiva. Se encontraron hembras en puesta, las cuales presentaron ovocitos hidratados en los cortes histológicos. Ambos, los análisis histológicos y de distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros oocitarios mostraron la presencia de todas las fases de maduración oocitaria en ovarios correspondientes a la sub-fase de desove activo, indicando que P. signata es un desovante parcial con fecundidad anual indeterminada. La fecundidad parcial osciló entre 36.426 y 126.035 oocitos hidratados/hembra. La fecundidad relativa varió entre 42 y 150 ovocitos por gramo de hembra libre de ovario.(AU)

The deep sea teleost fish fauna of the Brazilian North Coast

Data on the deep sea fishes found off the northern Brazilian coast are restricted to the results of the surveys of the RV Oregon, a research vessel of the North American National Marine Fisheries Service, and the REVIZEE Program. The REVIZEE Score-Norte Program focused on commercial fish species and natural resources with potential for exploitation on the continental shelf and slope off the northern coast of Brazil. In this sense, the REVIZEE Score-Norte Program generated little information on species of no commercial value, did not catalog its inventory in zoological collections, and did not publish species lists. Given this considerable knowledge gap on the deep-sea fish found off the North coast of Brazil, we compiled all the available data on the deep-sea fish of this region and also retrieved photographic records from the REVIZEE Score-Norte Program, including the PRODEMERSAL and PROTUNA projects. Considering the published records, specimens deposited in zoological collections, and the interpretation of photographic records, we compiled a list of 63 species of deep-sea fish from the North coast of Brazil. An additional 30 species were found in the published records from the PRODEMERSAL and PROTUNA, but were considered to be doubtful or pending confirmation.(AU)

Os dados sobre peixes de profundidade encontrados na costa Norte do Brasil são restritos aos resultados de coletas realizadas pelo RV Oregon, um navio do Serviço Nacional de Pesca Marítima da América do Norte, e do Programa REVIZEE. O Programa REVIZEE Score-Norte teve como foco as espécies de peixes com valor comercial e recursos naturais com potencial para exploração na plataforma continental da costa Norte do Brasil. Contudo, o REVIZEE Score-Norte gerou pouca informação sobre as espécies sem valor comercial, não catalogou o material da biodiversidade inventariada, assim como não gerou listas de espécies. Dada a lacuna no conhecimento sobre os peixes de profundidade da costa norte do Brasil, nós compilamos todos os dados disponíveis e recuperamos registros fotográficos do Programa REVIZEE Score-Norte, incluindo os projetos PRODEMERSAL e PROTUNA. Considerando os registros publicados, espécimes depositados em coleções zoológicas e os registros fotográficos, apresentamos uma lista de 63 espécies de peixes de profundidade na costa Norte do Brasil. Outras 30 espécies encontradas nos registros publicados do PRODEMERSAL e PROTUNA, foram consideradas duvidosas, carecendo de confirmação.(AU)

Aislamiento y caracterización de una bacteria marina degradadora de testosterona: Vibrio sp. N3 / Isolation and characterization of a marine testosterone-degrading bacterium: Vibrio sp. N3

Steroids, including testosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol and 17β-ethinyl estradiol, are harmful not only to the population dynamics of aquatic life forms but also to public health. In this study, a marine testosterone-degrading bacterium (strain N3) was isolated from Nanao Island in the South China Sea. In addition, the strain could also use 17β-estradiol (E2), 17β-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), estriol (E3) or cholesterol as a sole carbon source. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain N3 was identified as Vibrio sp. Further characterization showed that the strain is aerobic, gram-negative, and mobile and exhibits resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, penicillin and spectinomycin. For enhancing its capacity of testosterone degradation, the Plackett-Burman factorial design and the central composite design were used to optimize the culture condition. Under optimal conditions, 92% of testosterone was degraded by Vibrio sp. N3 in 48 h.

Los esferoides-que incluyen la testosterona, la estrona, el 17 β-estradiol, el estriol y el 17 p-etinilestradiol-son nocivos no solo para la población dinámica de las formas de vida acuática, sino también para la salud pública. En este estudio se aisló una bacteria marina degradadora de testosterona de la isla de Nanao, en el Mar del Sur de China, a la que se denominó cepa N3. Se determinó que esta cepa también podría usar 17 β-estradiol (E2), 17 p-etinilestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3) o colesterol como únicas fuentes de carbono. De acuerdo con el análisis de la secuencia del gen 16S rRNA, la cepa N3 se identificó como Vibrio sp. La caracterización adicional mostró que dicha bacteria es un organismo aerobio, gram negativo y móvil, y que presenta resistencia a ampicilina, carbenicilina, penicilina y espectinomicina. Para optimizar la condición de cultivo en relación con su capacidad de degradar la testosterona, se utilizaron el diseño factorial Plackett-Burman y el diseno compuesto central. En condiciones óptimas, el 92% de la testosterona fue degradada por Vibrio sp. N3 en 48 h.

Desenvolvimento e aplicação de checklist de qualidade sanitária para envio e recebimento de suprimentos de unidades marítimas / Development and application of checklist of sanitary quality for shipping and receipt of supplies of maritime units

Estudos na área de alimentação e nutrição em unidade offshore são escassos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um checklist para ser utilizado no controle de qualidade dos alimentos enviados e recebidos em unidades marítimas. Estudo descritivo observacional quantitativo, desenvolvido através de elaboração de um roteiro de inspeção com base nas legislações: Resolução RDC 216/04 e RDC 275/02 da ANVISA e Portaria CVS 05/13 da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde/SP. Foram abordados itens para controle de qualidade do rancho enviado e recebido em unidades de alimentação (UAN) offshore. Após o desenvolvimento do checklist o mesmo foi aplicado em uma UAN offshore para classificação da mesma. Após aplicação do checklist a empresa obteve 85% dos itens avaliados em conformidade, sendo classificada no grupo 1 de atendimento aos itens avaliados.

Conversion of renewable substrates for biosurfactant production by Rhizopus arrhizus UCP 1607 and enhancing the removal of diesel oil from marine soil

BACKGROUND: The use of agro-industrial wastes to produce high value-added biomolecules such as biosurfactants is a promising approach for lowering the total costs of production. This study aimed to produce biosurfactants using Rhizopus arrhizus UCP 1607, with crude glycerol (CG) and corn steep liquor (CSL) as substrates. In addition, the biomolecule was characterized, and its efficiency in removing petroderivatives from marine soil was investigated. RESULTS: A 22 factorial design was applied, and the best condition for producing the biosurfactant was determined in assay 4 (3% CG and 5% CSL). The biosurfactant reduced the surface tension of water from 72 to 28.8 mN/m and produced a yield of 1.74 g/L. The preliminary biochemical characterization showed that the biosurfactant consisted of proteins (38.0%), carbohydrates (35.4%), and lipids (5.5%). The compounds presented an anionic character, nontoxicity, and great stability for all conditions tested. The biomolecule displayed great ability in dispersing hydrophobic substrates in water, thereby resulting in 53.4 cm2 ODA. The best efficiency of the biosurfactant in removing the pollutant diesel oil from marine soil was 79.4%. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the ability of R. arrhizus UCP1607 to produce a low-cost biosurfactant characterized as a glycoprotein and its potential use in the bioremediation of the hydrophobic diesel oil pollutant in marine soil

Inhibition of Nitzschia ovalis biofilm settlement by a bacterial bioactive compound through alteration of EPS and epiphytic bacteria

Background: Marine ecosystems contain benthic microalgae and bacterial species that are capable of secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), suggesting that settlement of these microorganisms can occur on submerged surfaces, a key part of the first stage of biofouling. Currently, anti-fouling treatments that help control this phenomenon involve the use of biocides or antifouling paints that contain heavy metals, which over a long period of exposure can spread to the environment. The bacterium Alteromonas sp. Ni1-LEM has an inhibitory effect on the adhesion of Nitzschia ovalis, an abundant diatom found on submerged surfaces. Results: We evaluated the effect of the bioactive compound secreted by this bacterium on the EPS of biofilms and associated epiphytic bacteria. Three methods of EPS extraction were evaluated to determine the most appropriate and efficient methodology based on the presence of soluble EPS and the total protein and carbohydrate concentrations. Microalgae were cultured with the bacterial compound to evaluate its effect on EPS secretion and variations in its protein and carbohydrate concentrations. An effect of the bacterial supernatant on EPS was observed by assessing biofilm formation and changes in the concentration of proteins and carbohydrates present in the biofilm. Conclusions: These results indicate that a possible mechanism for regulating biofouling could be through alteration of biofilm EPS and alteration of the epiphytic bacterial community associated with the microalga.

First record of Hamaticolax scutigerulus (Copepoda: Bomolochidae) in Brazil, ectoparasite of the spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus (Actinopterygii: Mullidae) / Primeiro registro de Hamaticolax scutigerulus (Copepoda: Bomolochidae), parasito de saramunete Pseudupeneus maculatus (Actinopterygii: Mullidae), no Brasil

Bomolochidae Claus, 1875 is a copepod family with worldwide distribution that parasitizes marine fishes. This study provides the first report of Hamaticolax scutigerulus (Wilson, 1935) (Copepoda: Bomolochidae) in the spotted goatfish Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793), in the coastal waters of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Prevalence of 35%, mean intensity of infestation of 1.9±1.3 and mean abundance of 0.7±1.2 were found. The setae and spines of the leg armor of the Hamaticolax species were analyzed to identify the present species.

Bomolochidae Claus, 1875, é uma família de copépodes cujas espécies encontram-se amplamente distribuídas pelo mundo e são parasitas de peixes marinhos. Este estudo relata, pela primeira vez, Hamaticolax scutigerulus (Wilson, 1935) (Copepoda: Bomolochidae) no saramunete Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793) do litoral de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil. Prevalência de 35%, intensidade média de infestação de 1,9±1,3 e abundância média de 0,7±1,2 foram observadas. As setas e os espinhos da armadura das pernas do parasito das espécies de Hamaticolax foram analisadas para identificar a presente espécie.

The first finding of Ostrea cf. puelchana (Bivalvia) living as epibiont on Callinectes exasperates (Decapoda) / Primeiro registro de Ostrea cf. puelchana (Bivalvia) vivendo como epibionte sobre Callinectes exasperates (Decapoda)

This paper describes the epibiosis of Ostrea cf. puelchana on Callinectes exasperatus (Gerstaecker, 1856), both collected from the estuary of the Paraíba River, in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. The basibiont crab was captured using a trap installed in mangrove area at a depth of about 2 meters. The oyster was closely attached to the left side of dorsal carapace covering most of the epibranchial, mesobranchial and metabranchial regions. Possible advantages and disadvantages for both the epibiont and the basibiont are discussed. We believe that young O. cf. puelchana may avoid a variety of potential predators due to the considerable movement capacity of C. exasperatus and may also serve as a small protective shield for the basibiont. However, the oyster, which is a bivalve with an epifaunal lifestyle, is likely to be negatively affected, mainly due to burrowing activity of the crab. This is the first record of epibiosis between bivalves of the genus Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758 and crabs of the genus Callinectes Stimpson, 1860.

O presente estudo descreve a epibiose de Ostrea cf. puelchana sobre Callinectes exasperatus (Gerstaecker, 1856), ambos coletados no estuário do Rio Paraíba, no estado da Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil. O caranguejo basibionte foi capturado usando uma armadilha instalada em área de mangue em cerca de 2 metros de profundidade. A ostra estava fixada sobre o lado esquerdo da carapaça dorsal cobrindo grande parte das regiões epibranquial, mesobranquial e metabranquial. Possíveis vantagens e desvantagens para ambos epibionte e basibionte são discutidas. O espécime jovem de O. cf. puelchana pode evitar uma variedade de predadores potenciais devido à considerável capacidade de deslocamento de C. exasperatus, ao mesmo tempo, essa espécie pode atuar como um escudo protetor para o basibionte. Entretanto, o ostreídeo possui um estilo de vida epifaunal, podendo ser afetado de forma negativa, principalmente devido à atividade de escavação do caranguejo. Este é o primeiro registro de epibiose entre bivalves do gênero Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758 e caranguejos do gênero Callinectes Stimpson, 1860.

Búsqueda de bacterias marinas como fuente de inhibidores de quorum sensing (IQS): primer estudio químico de Oceanobacillus profundus (RKHC-62B) / Screening of marine bacterial strains as source of quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI): first chemical study of Oceanobacillus profundus (RKHC-62B)

Antecedentes: Los productos naturales aislados de microorganismos marinos han demostrado tener un amplio rango de actividades biológicas incluyendo inhibidores de quorum sensing. Objetivos: Estudiamos quince cepas bacterianas del phylum Firmicutes aisladas del coral blando Antillogorgia elisabethae que fueron evaluadas como una nueva fuente sostenible de compuestos inhibidores de quorum sensing (IQS). Métodos: Se prepararon cultivos en cuatro medios diferentes y extraídos usando una resina no iónica. Todos los extractos fueron probados con el fin de establecer su actividad inhibitoria de quorum sensing (IQS) usando Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532 como biosensor. Los extractos activos fueron fraccionados mediante cartuchos RP-18. Cada fracción fue evaluada mediante bioensayo y analizada por HPLC. Resultados: Las fracciones metanólicas de Jeotgalicoccus halophilus y Oceanobacillus profundus fueron las más activas, lo cual sugiere que los compuestos no polares pueden ser los responsables de esta actividad. Conclusiones: El estudio químico del extracto orgánico de O. profundus cultivado en medio LBS permitió aislar los compuestos tirosol (1) y acetato de tirosol (2) como los responsables de la actividad IQS.

Background: Natural products isolated from marine microorganisms have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities included quorum sensing inhibitors. Objectives: We study fifteen marine Firmicutes bacterial strains isolated from the Caribbean soft coral Antillogorgia elisabethae that were evaluated as a novel and sustainable source of quorum sensing inhibitor compounds. Methods: Cultures were made in four different culture media and further extracted using a non-ionic resin. All these extracts were tested in order to establish its quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) activity using Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532. The active extracts were fractionated by RP-18 cartridge. Each fraction was tested and evaluated for its composition by HPLC-PDA. Results: Methanol fractions of Jeotgalicoccus halophilus and Oceanobacillus profundus were the most active ones, suggesting that non-polar compounds could be the responsible for the QSI activity of the bacterial extracts here tested. Conclusions: The chemical study of the organic extract of Oceanobacillus profundus cultured in LBS, yielded the compounds tyrosol (1) and tyrosol acetate (2) as responsible of QSI activity showed by the organic extract.

Cytolytic and systemic toxic effects induced by the aqueous extract of the fire coral Millepora alcicornis collected in the Mexican Caribbean and detection of two types of cytolisins

Background Millepora alcicornis is a branching hydrocoral common throughout the Caribbean Sea. Like other members of this genus, this species is capable of inducing skin eruptions and blisters with severe pain after contact. In the present study, we investigated the toxicity of theM. alcicornis aqueous extract on several animal models. Considering that some cnidarian hemolysins have been associated to local tissue damage, since they also induce lysis of other cell types, we also made a partial characterization of the hemolytic activity of M. alcicornis aqueous extract. This information is important for understanding the defense mechanisms of the "fire corals".Methods The effects of pH, temperature, and some divalent cations on the hemolytic activity of the extract were assayed, followed by a zymogram analysis to detect the cytolysins and determine their approximate molecular weight. The toxicity of the aqueous extract was assayed in mice, by intravenous administration, and histopathological changes on several tissues were analyzed by light microscopy. The toxicity of the extract was also tested inArtemia salina nauplii, and the damages caused on the crustaceans were analyzed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.Results The hemolytic activity of the hydrocoral extract was enhanced in the presence of Ca 2+ (≥2 mM), Mg 2+ (≥6 mM), and Ba2+ (≥0.1 mM); however, it was reduced in the presence of Cu2+(≥0.1 mM), Zn 2+ (≥6 mM), and EDTA (≥0.34 mM). Differences in the pH did not affect the hemolytic activity, but it was temperature-sensitive, since preincubation at ≥ 50 °C sharply reduced hemolysis. The zymogram showed the presence of two types of hemolysins: ~ 28-30 kDa proteins with phospholipase A 2 activity and ~ 200 kDa proteins that do not elicit enzymatic activity. The aqueous extract of this cnidarian was lethal to mice (LD 50 = 17 μg protein/g), and induced kidney, liver, and lung damages. Under denaturing conditions, the aqueous extract completely lost its toxic and hemolytic activities.Conclusions The results showed that the M. alcicornis aqueous extract contains two types of thermolabile hemolysins: proteins of approximately 28-30 kDa with PLA 2 activity, while the others are larger proteins of approximately 200 kDa, which do not possess PLA 2activity. Those thermolabile cytolysins, which are stable to pH changes and whose activity is calcium dependent, are capable of inducing damage in lung, kidney and liver tissues, resulting in a slow death of mice. M. alcicorniscytolysins also provoke tissue dissociation inArtemia salina nauplii that might be attributed to pore forming mechanisms.(AU)

Mineralización y/o solubilización del fósforo contenido en lodos provenientes de residuos salmonícolas marinos bioaumentados con cepas de aspergillus niger Y trichoederma pseudokoningi / Mineralization and/or solubilization phosphorus content from salmon waste sludge marine bioincreased with strains aspergillus niger and trichoederma pseudokoningi

Se evaluó un lodo salmonícola, proveniente de centros de cultivo marinos, con el objetivo de evaluar el aumento en la mineralización y/o solubilización del fósforo del lodo salmonícola tratado con la inoculación de cepas chilenas de hongos. El lodo fue pretratado mediante esterilización, pasteurización y sin pretratar. Posteriormente, fue inoculado con cepas nativas de Aspergillus niger y Trichoderma pseudokoningii, usando dos controles: sin adición de inóculo y otro, con la cepa control A. niger ANC. Estas muestras fueron incubadas por 60 días, determinándose el pH y la disponibilidad de fósforo (P) en los lodos pretratados. Luego de esta primera fase, las muestras fueron incubadas en tubos de lixiviación a temperatura controlada durante 6 semanas evaluando la cinética de mineralización de P de los lodos. Los pretratamientos aplicados al lodo aumentaron la disponibilidad de P con la disminución del pH. La esterilización del lodo influyó en la colonización microbial, presentando la mayor colonización de las cepas inoculadas y la mayor liberación de P a la solución. El pretratamiento de esterilización inoculado con la cepa control A. niger presentó el mayor potencial de mineralización de P, siendo significativamente mayor a las cepas nativas y al control evaluado.

A salmon sludge from marine farming centers was evaluated with the aim to increase the mineralization and/or solubilization of their phosphorus (P) content through the inoculation of Chilean fungi strains. The sludge was pretreated through sterilization, pasteurization and without any pretreatment. After were inoculated with native strains of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma pseudokoningii, using two controls: without inoculum and with inoculation with A. niger ANC. The samples were incubated for 60 days at room temperature and pH and P availability was determined. After this first phase, the samples were additionally incubated for other 6 weeks, in leaching tubes, at controlled temperature (25 ºC) evaluating the sludge kinetics of P mineralization. The pretreatment applied to the sludge increased P availability with a pH value decline. The sludge sterilization had an influence on the microbial colonization, presenting high colonization of the inoculated strains and more P was available. The pretreatment of sterilization inoculated with the control strain A. niger presented the biggest potential for mineralization of P, being significantly higher than the native strains and control evaluated in this study.

Monoculture of the ciliate protozoan Euplotes sp. (Ciliophora; Hypotrichia) fed with different diets / Monocultivo do protozoário ciliado Euplotes sp. (Ciliophora; Hypotrichia) com diferentes dietas

Ciliate protozoa of the genus Euplotes commonly appears contaminating mass cultures of rotifers but also with potential to be used as live food in the larviculture of marine fish. To obtain a monoculture of Euplotes sp., three diets were tested: 1) microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata, 2) commercial diet for rotifers Culture Selco 3000, and 3) baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The ciliates were inoculated at 10 ind. mL -¹. On day 5, protozoa densities in the groups fed the commercial diet (1,911.0 ± 248.7 ind. mL-¹) and the baker's yeast (2,600.0 ± 195.3 ind. mL-1) did not differ, but were higher than the group fed microalgae (2.0 ± 1.4 ind. mL-1) (p < 0.05). On day 6, the density in the group fed baker's yeast was higher (15,484.0 ± 1,164.9 ind. mL-¹) than in the groups fed microalgae (3.0 ± 1.4 ind. mL-¹) or commercial diet (11,287.0 ± 1,468.0 ind. mL-¹). An exponential growth curve was observed for the protozoa fed baker's yeast (R² = 0.992; p < 0.05) and commercial diet (R² = 0.979; p < 0.05). The microalgae diet did not result in satisfactory growth of the protozoan. Feeding baker's yeast or commercial rotifer's diet to a monoculture of Euplotes sp. can result in very high densities of this protozoan.

Protozoários ciliados do gênero Euplotes comumente aparecem como contaminante em culturas massivas de rotíferos, apresentando potencial para ser utilizado na larvicultura de peixes marinhos. Para obter um monocultivo de Euplotes sp., foram testados três tipos de alimento: 1) microalga Nannochloropsis oculata, 2) dieta comercial para rotíferos Culture Selco 3000, e 3) fermento biológico (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Os ciliados foram inoculados na concentração de 10 indivíduos mL-¹. No quinto dia, a densidade de protozoários nos tratamentos com dieta comercial para rotíferos (1.911,0 ± 248,7 ind. mL-¹; média ± desvio padrão) e fermento biológico (2. 600,0 ± 195,3) não diferiram entre si, mas foram superiores ao tratamento com microalga (2,0 ± 1,4) (p < 0,05). Ao sexto dia de cultivo, a densidade no tratamento com fermento (15.484,0 ± 1.164,9 ind. mL-¹) foi superior aos tratamentos com microalga (3,0 ± 1,4 ind. mL-¹) e dieta comercial (11.287,0 ± 1.468,0 ind. mL-¹). O cultivo destes ciliados apresentou uma curva de crescimento exponencial para o fermento (R² = 0,992; p < 0,05) e a dieta comercial (R² = 0,979; p < 0,05). O uso da microalga N. oculata não resultou em crescimento satisfatório destes organismos. O uso de fermento biológico e dieta comercial para rotíferos no monocultivo de Euplotes sp., pode resultar em altas densidades do protozoário.

Space partitioning among damselfishes in the Caribbean coast of Panama: the role of habitat preferences

This study aimed to assess abundance and habitat use by juvenile and adult damselfishes, as much as the benthic cover of different reefs on Isla Colon, Bocas del Toro, Panama. Reefs were selected considering different levels of wave exposure and depths. Damselfish and benthic communities were distinct between reefs. The most abundant species in the sheltered deeper reef was Stegastes planifrons followed by S. leucostictus, and they were also recorded in the sheltered shallower reef. Low densities of S. partitus and S. variabilis were also observed in the sheltered deeper reef, as these species are apparently restricted to higher depths. Additionally, these reefs presented patches with high cover of live and dead massive coral. Shallow depths presented high abundances of S. adustus, indicating a preference of this species for shallow habitats and exhibiting a two-fold increase in abundance at higher wave surge. Also, Microspathodon chrysurus reached higher numbers in shallow depths. Furthermore, the exposed reef presented a high cover (%) of algae groups and the fire-coral Millepora alcicornis, acknowledged as a preferred habitat for M. chrysurus and other reef fish. In this study, distinct habitat uses were observed, with patterns regulated by depth and/or wave exposure levels and/or availability of specific benthic cover. For site-attached species as damselfish, habitat specialization, competition and/or non-random recruitment patterns have been found to rule distributional patterns. Similar results for damselfish relative abundances were found compared to studies conducted within Panama and other reefs throughout the Caribbean region over three decades ago, indicating strong habitat affinity for the most abundant species. However, severe reductions of habitat availability following coral mass-mortality events may have disrupted their distributional patterns.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a abundância e uso do habitat por juvenis e adultos de peixes-donzela, assim como as comunidades bentônicas em distintos recifes de Isla Colon, Bocas del Toro, Panamá. Os recifes foram escolhidos considerando diferentes níveis de exposição a ondas e profundidade. As comunidades de peixes e bentos estudadas se mostraram distintas. A espécie mais abundante em recifes com maior profundidade e abrigados foi Stegastes planifrons, seguida por S. leucostictus, que também foram observadas em recifes rasos abrigados. As baixas abundâncias de S. partitus e S. variabilis também foram observadas no primeiro recife citado e estas espécies foram aparentemente restritas à profundidade maiores. Adicionalmente, estes mesmos recifes apresentaram uma vasta cobertura de corais massivos, vivos ou mortos. Stegastes adustus apresentou sua maior abundância em baixas profundidades, indicando uma preferência por habitats rasos, aumentando em duas vezes com a exposição a ondas. Os recifes rasos também tiveram maior abundância de Microspathodon chrysurus. Além disso, o recife com maior exposição apresentou extenso percentual de cobertura por algas e o coral-de-fogo Millepora alcicornis, reconhecido habitat preferencial de M. chrysurus e outras espécies de peixes. Neste trabalho, diferentes padrões de uso do habitat foram encontrados, sendo regulados pela profundidade e/ou exposição e ainda a disponibilidade de determinada cobertura bentônica. Para espécies fortemente associadas ao substrato, a especialização, a competição e padrões não aleatórios do recrutamento são conhecidos determinantes dos padrões distribucionais. Este estudo apresentou resultados similares a outros conduzidos há 30 anos no Panamá e outros recifes do Caribe, indicando que as espécies mais abundantes mantêm forte afinidade com o habitat. Entretanto, severas reduções na disponibilidade de habitat, seguidas de eventos de mortalidade em massa, podem ter possivelmente afetado seus padrões de distribuição.

Glicosaminoglicanos isolados da pele de palombeta (Chloroscombrus chrysurus) e guaiúba (Ocyurus chrysurus): características e implicações biológicas / Glycosaminoglycans isolated from the skin of 'palombeta' (Chloroscombrus chrysurus) and 'guaiúba' (Ocyurus chrysurus): features and biological implications

O Brasil abriga uma das maiores biodiversidades marinhas do mundo, favorecendo a descoberta de fontes alternativas de compostos farmacológicos. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial anticoagulante de glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) isolados das peles da palombeta (Chloroscombrus chrysurus) e guaiúba (Ocyurus chrysurus). Os GAGs foram extraídos com papaína bruta em tampão acetato de sódio 0,1 M (pH 5,0) contendo cisteína 5 mM e EDTA 5 mM, seguido por cromatografia de troca iônica do extrato total em coluna de DEAE-celulose. As frações obtidas foram analisadas quanto à composição química (proteínas contaminantes e carboidratos totais) e os GAGs identificados por eletroforese em gel de agarose a 0,5%. Os ensaios de atividade anticoagulante foram realizados por meio do tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA) usando plasma humano normal e heparina-padrão (193,00 UI mg-1). O procedimento de obtenção e fracionamento dos GAGs mostrou-se eficiente, indicando semelhantes perfis cromatográficos entre as espécies avaliadas e, revelando para C. chrysurus, bandas com mobilidades semelhantes ao dermatam sulfato e com atividade de apenas 3,30 UI mg-1.

A great number of pharmacological compounds is found in the Brazilian marine diversity. This study evaluated the anticoagulant potential of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) isolated from the skin of 'palombeta' Chloroscombrus chrysurus and 'guaiúba' Ocyurus chrysurus. GAGs were extracted with crude papain in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 5 mM cysteine and 5 mM EDTA, followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose column. The chemical composition (contaminant proteins and total carbohydrates) and the analysis by 0.5% agarose gel electrophoresis of fractions were also determined. Anticoagulant assays were performed by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) using normal human plasma and standard heparin (193.00 IU mg-1). The obtaining and fractionation procedures of GAGs were effective and similar chromatographic profiles were verified between the species. A similar mobility to dermatan sulfate was revealed for C. chrysurus. This GAG also showed a low activity of 3.30 IU mg-1.